Adverse Psychological Effects of Ecstasy use and Their Treatment. By Dr. Karl Jansen. Summary. Ecstasy was initially perceived as a drug with few adverse effects, as. As with amphetamine, however. However, many of these reports are based. Attempts to relate these chemical changes. Although this effect can be used. Psychological explanations must be considered along. This chapter also contains the first. Introduction. Like other potent mind- altering drugs, the use of ecstasy has been associated. While under the influence. It is possible. that some of these effects may continue for a period after cessation of. The term 'ecstasy' has now widened its meaning to embrace a class of drugs. MDMA, MBDB, MDE, MDA, MDEA and 2. CB, amongst others. These. drugs differ from each other in their various effects and thus, unless otherwise. MDMA only. This review is not a list of all known. There was little interest in ecstasy until the mid- 1. Alexander Shulgin introduced ecstasy to those with an interest in drug- assisted. The psychotherapists considered the drug to be moderate in. They generally reported. Adverse Psychological Effects of Ecstasy use and Their Treatment. Ecstasy was initially perceived as a drug with few adverse effects, as. By the early 1. 98. The 1. 99. 0s has seen the widespread use of ecstasy as a recreational. It was also reported that large doses of MDMA repeatedly injected. These effects were. There is some limited evidence. The relevance of these studies. Mental Health in the Third Millennium; drugs and medications. Welcome to design.tc, the homepage of Stewart-Zacks. We invite you visit our retail location serving Traverse City and northern Michigan. We have been crafting the. THIS FOOTAGE IS UNDER COPYRIGHT AND BELONGS TO SUNRISE. Old skool rave from the summer of love 1989. Sunrise back to the future, with perfomances by doug. Many investigators consider animal studies to have relevance to human use. The loss of 5- HT (serotonin) axons in monkeys is greater than that in rats. MDMA and, therefore, MDMA is far. Some psychotherapies may involve bringing such material. In this. context it is valuable to recall that ecstasy was used in psychotherapy. What happens if these defences against disturbing material in the psyche. There may be little possibility. A possible consequence. The observation that. Wodarz and Boning, 1. Many of the communications received from persons who have had. Nevertheless, it is still possible that large and. The relevance of the amphetamine literature. The empathogenic effects of ecstasy have led to the suggestion that it is. While formulation of a new class of. MDMA is nevertheless. This is likely as both types of drug have similar effects on dopamine, and. While the possible range may be similar, clearly the probabilities will. In other words, it would not be correct to say that ecstasy. Much of the information we have about adverse. MDMA is in the form of single case studies and short, uncontrolled. There are several key issues to bear in mind when considering publications. Was the drug taken actually MDMA? Authors who allege that a person took MDMA should attempt to present toxicological. Other drugs commonly found. MDMA are MDEA, MDA, MBDB, MDE, 2. CB, Ketamine, amphetamine, LSD. Some pills contain no psychoactive. MDEA (MDE) has a shorter duration of action (2 hours). MBDB is quite. similar to MDMA but is described by some as less intense with a greater. MDA is. far more psychedelic (LSD- like) and is considered to be more toxic. CB. is more psychedelic than MDMA but less so than MDA. Amphetamine is a very. MDEA is also very common in the UK. MDMA, and may possibly. The overwhelming majority. This point. is rarely emphasised in the case reports attributing a psychiatric disorder. A very large number of. This is an important. The use of. cannabis has been linked to relapse in schizophrenia. There has. been increasing attention given to ketamine in the media recently,2. For example. there is a case report of persisting depersonalisation syndrome after ingesting. It was subsequently pointed out that this patient had. The importance of poly drug use has been confirmed by a study of drugs taken. The OPCS Psychiatric Morbidity Survey 3. UK. households. 5. The preferred other drugs were cannabis, hallucinogens, amphetamines. Alcohol was not included in the study. Mc. Miller and Plant. United Kingdom. The percentage reporting use of 'Ecstasy (MDMA)' was. LSD figures which were about 1. Although LSD is a more. This suggests. that the way in which the media deal with drug issues sometimes has little. This seems particularly likely when we ponder the fact that. UK have died of smoking related illness in. The role of set and setting. This term 'set' refers to the personality, past experiences (including previous. A pleasant set and setting are more. However, ecstasy effects are less. LSD. Thus ecstasy is a more predictable drug. Although ecstasy appears to energise the taker in a nightclub setting where. MDMA, but rather a combination in which. MDMA. It is also possible that the drug is actually MDEA. Enthusiastic. dancers sometimes avoid the emotional effects of MDMA by only taking small. Careful examination of what actually takes place at raves. MDMA in the 1. 20mg. California as it does at the 2. Tribal Gathering. UK. Nevertheless, expectations do play an important part in. These issues are important because a large percentage of the 'bad reactions'. LSD, psilocybin and mescaline may be attributed to a 'bad' set and setting,3. However, the role of expectations. Expectations can also have a negative. For example, from a statistical perspective, serious physical effects. Nevertheless, a perception on the part. The real diagnosis is more likely to. Valium). Many of these. What are the risks in numerical terms? At the present time, the actual risk of developing a serious psychiatric. The degree of publicity which. The relative risk of any. Many case reports make. Another method of gaining perspective on the general importance of ecstasy- induced. This pragmatic investigation will produce. It is likely to be several weeks before. Two double- blind. MDEA users (n=1. 4) with non- using controls. It must be noted this study involved MDEA, and not MDMA. Other confounding variables: The issue of causality. Many of the published reports draw cause and effect conclusions which are. In general. it is useful to consider whether the criteria suggested by Strassman (1. Poole and Brabbins (1. Nevertheless. the core principles are the same: 'there is a tendency for people with poorer. We have already considered the use of other drugs in addition to ecstasy. Other such variables are: the probability of a chance. It is a statistical. The one. year incidence of major depression in the general population is 8. It is interesting to. Gelder et al.: 'it is not certain why consistently higher. Thus drug use influences the determination of incidence levels of psychiatric. This statement also suggests how difficult it. Anxiety, panic attacks and all of the other symptoms associated with ecstasy. Drug use may be. a symptom of impending or actual mental illness as a result of 'self- medication'. It is possible that persons who take large quantities. Thus retrospective studies of serotonergic parameters. The. present state of knowledge is that duration and dosage of ecstasy use do. This may change with further research. However, if true then this would. The adverse psychological effects of MDMAA review of adverse reactions due to ecstasy has been presented by Mc. Cann. et al. As noted in the introduction, current research evidence is. Psychotic phenomena. With respect to serious mental illness such as prolonged psychosis, there. Ecstasy may rarely produce. Although ecstasy is not a hallucinogen in most people. I have. myself seen a person in a state of toxic delirium after taking no more than. MDMA and no other drugs (toxicologically confirmed). She was. completely disoriented, had marked difficulty walking (she collapsed several. There. was no history of psychosis, although her mother had suffered from depersonalisation. She was an experienced ecstasy user with no previous. She experienced depersonalisation on a single. Prozac'). The use of ecstasy may sometimes alter the clinical picture in a pre- existing. This is referred to as a pathoplastic effect. It has not. been clearly established whether or not ecstasy can specifically induce. Ecstasy. experiences are typically emotional events, and for this reason alone one. Ecstasy releases dopamine in a similar manner to amphetamine. Some investigators report that they have repeatedly. This latter study is based on two cases, other substances. The size of that risk is unknown at. Can ecstasy cause a true 'drug- induced psychosis'? As distinct from the. Poole and Brabbins (1. Such a psychosis should only recur on re- exposure to the drug, and. The drugs for which there. Ecstasy may eventually be included in this group. Anxiety disorders and panic attacks. As stated previously, we are currently limited to a handful of case reports. However, the majority of communications from persons who have suffered adverse. It is possible that the serotonergic. However, it is more likely that the real explanation lies in the. Depersonalisation and derealisation. Depersonalisation refers to the feeling that one is not 'real', and that. It is very unpleasant. Sufferers. may feel that they are separated from the world by a glass wall. Derealisation. is where the environment appears to be unreal and devoid of the usual emotional. People may be described as 'cardboard- like'. Although these phenomena. Depersonalisation. Depression. A brief period of low mood associated with the 'come- down' is common, although. Chronic. ecstasy use is also sometimes followed by a longer lasting depression. However, it is unclear whether the chronic use of ecstasy might not have. Depression may be predicted on theoretical grounds due to links between. However, rats and monkeys with extensively damaged cortical. It is. possible that this is because ecstasy appears to preferentially alter one. One conclusion from the data so far is that it is probably this second system. Serotonin levels are. This matches the weekly cycle of what has actually been observed. It is clear that further studies are required. Cognitive deficits(Impaired memory, attention and concentration) Research into drug- induced cognitive deficits is difficult to do well. The. number of possible confounding variables is high. For example, it is essential. If subjects have.
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